The Role of Baṣra and the Personality Indexes of Naẓẓām Baṣary in the Formation of the Theory of Ṣarfa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v61i2.1303Keywords:
Baṣra, Muʿtazila, Brahma's Hinduism, Ṣarfa, Naẓẓām, miracle of Qur'an, crestedness of Qur'an, al-fida, Inquisition, paradigmAbstract
According to Qur'anic scholars Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Saiyyār Baṣary, commonly known as Naẓẓām, the great Muʿtazila theologian is the first person to formulate and develop the theory of Ṣarfa about the miraculous aspects of Qur'an. Contemplation and focus on the biography of Naẓẓām Baṣary, as well as the historical, social and geographical conditions of Baṣra, his hometown, opens a new chapter in understanding the active factors in the formation of the theory of Ṣarfa. The results of the paper confirm the Communication of Naẓẓām with Hindu Brahma and the widespread presence of Hindus in Baṣra in the ninth century further reinforces the possibility that Ṣarfa is retrieved from Indian Braham's thought, found in the book al-fida. His encounter with philosophers and the emergence of philosophical thought in his theological perspective, on the one hand, and the dominance of philosophical thought in Baṣra, suggests that the theory of Ṣarfa is influenced by philosophical thought. Moreover, the coincidence of Naẓẓām's life as a proponent of Qur'an's creation with a significant amount of challenges on the idea of the Greatness of Qur'an, reinforced the effectiveness of the theory on Ṣarfa on the idea of the Greatness of Qur'an.
Downloads
References
-Alawī, Yahyā bin Ḥamza. 1423. al-Tarāz Lassarr al-Balāgha and al-A'ajaz, Sciences: Research by Abdul Hamīd Hindawī. Beirut, al-Maktaba al-Assariyah.
-Javāhirī, Seyed Mohammad Hassan. 1391. "Readout of Ṣarfa theory", Journal of Qabasat, Vol 17, No 66, pp 147-179.
-Ma'rifat, Muhammad Hadi. 1415. Al-Tamhid fi Al-Qur'anic Sciences, Qom, Al-Nashr al-Islamī Institute.
-Razavī, Abolfa'zl. 2012. Critical Philosophy of History, Tehran, Institute for Research in Culture and Islamic Thought.
-Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, United States of America, University of Chicago Press, Second Edition.
-Sobhani, Ja'far. 1412. Al-elahyat ala Hody al-Ketab and al-Sunna and al-aql, Qom, Al-Alimi Center for the Derasat al-islamy.
-Ḥimṣy, Nuʿaiym. 1400. Fekrah Ejaz Al-Qur'an Men al-Be'tha ela-Asrena al-Hazer, Beirut, al-Rasala Institute.
-Zarkilī, Khaiyyruddin. 1980. al-Qamus al-Tarajem, Beirut, Dar al-Lmallabin.
-Khatib Baghdadi, Abu Bakr. 1997. History of Baghdad, Research: Mustafa Abdul Qader Atta, Beirut, Dar al-Kutb al-Elmiyah.
-Watt, W. Montgomery. 1998. The Formative Period of Islamic Thought, Oxford, Oneworld.
-Massimo Campanini. 2012. The Mu‘tazila in Islamic History and Thought, The Author Religion Compass Blackwell Publishing Ltd, University of Trento, Vol 6, pp 41-50.
-Jahiz, Amr ibn Bahr. 1997. al-Bakhla, Research: Taha al-Hajri, Cairo, encyclopedia.
-Baghdadi, Abdul Qahar bin Tahir. Dateless. Al-Farq beyn Al-Firaq, Beirut, published by Mohammed Mohiuddin Abdul Hamid.
-Deboer, T.J. 1963. The History of Philosophy in Islam, Translator: Edward R. Jones, Delhi, Cosmo Publication.
-Abdul Jabbar, Ghazi Abi al-Hasan. 1393. Fazl al-E'tezal and the classes of al-Mu'tazilah, Research: Fuad Sayed, Tunisia, Dar al-Tunisia.
-Atta Muhammad. 2012. Mutazila-Heresy; Theological and Rationalist Mutazila;Al-mamun, Abbasid Caliph; Al-mutawakkil, Abbasid Caliph; The Traditionalists, Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, Vol 12 ,pp 1031-1038.
-Young, M.J.L., J.D. Latham and R.B. Serjeant. 1990. Religion, Learning and Science in the Abbasid Period, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
-Amir Ali, Syed. 2005. The Spirit of Islam. Lahore, Sang-e-Meel.
-Gibb, H.A.R. 1962. Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey. New York, Oxford University Press.
-Ṭabāṭabāī, Seyyed Muhammad Hussein. 1417. al-Mizan al-Tafsir al-Quran, Qom, Islamic Publications Office of the Qom Theological Seminary.
-Abu Zuhra, Mohammed. 1418. Al-Mo'jeze al-kobra of the Qur'an, Cairo, Dar al-Fakr al-Arabi.
-Madelung, Wilferd. 1985. Religious Schools and Sects in Medieval Islam, London, Variorum Reprints.
-Furūzānī, Abulghasim and Bahādur Shahrīārī. 1393. "Investigating the Role of Basra Relations with its Neighboring Area", Quarterly Journal of Islamic History, Vol. 8, No. 16.
-Balazari, Ahmad ibn Yahya ibn Jabīr. 1337. Fotooh al-Baladan, Translated by: Mohammad Tavakol, Tehran, Silver Publishing.
-Massoudi, Ali ibn Hossain. 1365. Al-tanbih Va al-ashraf, Translated by: abolqasem payandeh, Tehran, Scientific and Cultural Publications.
-Tabari, Mohammed bin Jarir. 1354. History of Rusul Va al-muluk, Translated by: Abolqasem Payandeh, Tehran, and Publication of the Iranian Cultural Foundation.
-Badavi, Abdul Rahman. 1374. The History of Verbal Thoughts in Islam, Translated by: Hossein Saberi, , Mashhad, Astan Qods Razavi Publications, First Edition.
-Montgomery, Watt. 1948. Free Will and Predestination in Islam, London.
-Martin, Richard C. 1980. "The Role of the Basrah Mu'tazilah in Formulating the Doctrine of the Apologetic Miracle", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol.39, No.3, pp. 175-189.
-Meshkour, Mohammad Javad. Dateless. Shiite History and Sects of Islam, Tehran, Eshraq.
-Cooperson Michael. 2015."Inquisition in Early Islam: The Competition for Religious and Political Authority in the Abbasid Empire By John P. Turner", Journal of Islamic Studies, Oxford Academic, Vol 26, Issue 3, pp 334–338.
-Melchert Christopher. 2014. "Virtues of the Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal By Ibn Al-Jawzī, edited and translated by Michael Cooperson", Journal of Islamic Studies, , Oxford Acad, Vol 25, Issue 3, pp 354–355.
-Berkey, Jonathan P. 2003. The Formation of Islam: Religion and Society in the Near East, 600-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
