مجيد الرفاعيّأ.ع.ا.م. 2020. Study in the land of the economic importance of blackness in the era of early Islam. ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES. 214, 1 (Dec. 2020), 355-370. DOI:https://doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v214i1.1458.