ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Cognitive Faculties of Educational text in Eloquent Grammatical Corpus "Reading the Advantages and disadvantages

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The study examines the Arabic grammar lesson during the ages to acquaint the learners of the importance of the educational text and to invest the educational dimensions in the concerned institutions. The study investigates the first efforts like Abo Alaswad Al Dually, Al Khaleel and Sebaway revealed the inflection of the holy Qur’an and put the inflectional shape. The most important methods of education are from contention and selection of education, and the use of questions and answers between the view and the learner.

The memorization has been organized after showing induction by viewing the elements of educational text out of grammatical corpus in terms of the followed verbal patterns and objective instructions together with the awareness of choosing pure grammatical views , taking into consideration the constraints of educational dimension that are concerned with the grammatical corpus as well as these constraints that embedded the clarification of the grammar to respondents whether in the theory of Arabic grammar or by causality or classification of subjects or simplification of the analysis of questions and issues.The study has reached to a number of educational values through the previous viewers in their categorization and comparing them with the contemporary educational lesson and then to move from the research theorization to field application of the academic institutions and to support the teaching of the Arabic grammar internationally.

Seasonal and Annual Changes of Rainfall in Iraq During the Period from 1992 to 2010

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

Iraq is suffering from severe drought, a feature inherent in its changing climatic conditions. Water shortage has a negative impact on agricultural land and is associated with high desertification risk. Thus, the determination of moisture conditions over a multi-year period represents a difficult issue. In this paper, monthly and annual precipitation figures from 20 meteorological stations in Iraq were analyzed to provide insight into the seasonal and annual variations of annual changes and time trends in rainfall during the period 1992-2010. The Mann-Kendall non-ranking test was applied to trend detection in the annual series and the Kendall-Theil line was used to measure its size. The Mann-Kendall test scores show negative values for all stations and this confirms the trend of climate change towards scarcity of rainfall. Most stations show a high level of significance over 95%, while a drying signal was detected at the stations of Amara, Baghdad and Saladin only. The rate of change in Iraq is 3.5% of the average annual precipitation calculated for the years 1992-2010.

Reality of Management Performance in Accordance with the Halinger Standard and its Relation to Performance Excellence at High school principals

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

Based on the leadership role of the school principal, which requires a set of features and characteristics and features that qualify him to do his part, And to evaluate the Actuallyof the administrative performance of the head of the school is one of the methods of administrative evaluation to improve the Actuallyof administrative work, This assessment will not be aimed at ascertaining the efficiency of the manager in performing his work effectively. This process should be comprehensive and continuous to reveal the strengths, Are strengthened, and vulnerabilities are addressed, This helps to provide comprehensive information that restricts in taking action to solve some administrative problems, In addition, the difficulties and challenges facing the school at the present time have created opportunities and challenges at the same time, The key to success in adapting to these challenges in practical terms is that the management of the school is strong and able to invest the purpose, And have the right to behave properly, and the ability to prepare strategies and plans appropriate to the conditions experienced by the school, This justifies the need for excellence in administrative performance, Therefore, the current research aims to identify the degree of Actually of administrative performance in accordance with the standard Halinger and distinguish the performance and relationship between high school principals from the perspective of their assistants, The difference between the views of the assistants is defined according to the gender (male - female) and the academic (scientific - human) specialization. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher adopted a measure the administrative performance according to Halinge standard and prepared management excellence scale, And verified the standard characteristics of each, And were applied to a sample of assistants of secondary school principals in the Directorate General of Baghdad Education Karkh / second, (60) assistants for both sexes, (30) for both males and females, The researcher is now in the process of analyzing the data obtained from the sample statistically, We will provide you with the results once the statistical analysis of the data has been completed. After the statistical analysis of the data obtained from the sample by using statistical bag (SPSS) , the results showed that there are (8) dimensions out of a total of (11) dimensions of the performance efficiency measure according to the Hillinger standard. While the variable of administrative excellence was not achieved by secondary school principals from the point of view of the assistants.

Difficulties of Teaching the book of Social Sciences for the Fifth Grade Primary in Baghdad Governorate from Teachers’ Viewpoints

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The current study aims to find out what the difficulties of teaching the book of social sciences for the fifth grade from the teachers.’ viewpoints. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher has prepared a questionnaire which consisted of (33) paragraphs divided into (5) areas (objectives, content of the material, methods of teaching, students, calendar), distributed to the sample of the study composed of teachers of the article (370) The researcher has confirmed the stability by re-applying the questionnaire to a sample of teachers. The data were statistically processed to extract the results using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the mean. Weighted percentage, results have shown that there are teaching difficulties facing teachers in social sciences.

In the light of the results, the researcher has recommended a number of recommendations and proposals, including:

The need to use teaching aids and modern teaching methods in the process of teaching .
Conduct a similar study in other subjects.

The Effectiveness of Using Learning Centers Strategy upon Conceptual Comprehension and Retention in History Subject for the Fifth Class Preporatory Students

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The research aims to identify the effectiveness of using learning centers strategy upon conceptual comprehension and retention in history subject for fifth prporatoru class students. The researcher used the experimental design of partial contrel choosing the experimental group that studied according to the learning centers strategy, and the control group studied according to the traditional method. The number of students sample was ( 60) Students ; (30 ) students in each group . The two groups are equivalent concerning the variables : Age and , Intelligence test. The researcher used conceptual comprehension test as a tool for research, and verify the validity and the reliability of the tool, used t -test for The two independent samples for data processing, the results showed the superiority of the experimental group in conceptual comprehension and retention in history subject.

The Effect of Using Cooperative Learning Strategy in the Achievement of Students in the Third Stage of the Department of English Language in the field of Educational Guidance and Mental Health

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The current research aims at identifying the effect of using cooperative learning strategy in the achievement of students in the third stage of the English language section in the field of educational guidance and mental health, as the current research sought to answer the following hypothesis.

There is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) in the achievement of students of the third stage of the English language section in the educational guidance and mental health, who study according to the cooperative learning strategy and students who study the same material in the traditional way. The original research community of the students of the third stage may be the English Language Department and with a number of (4) sections for the academic year (2018-2019). The basic research sample included (70) male and female students.The research tool was designed to test the validity of the test after testing a group of arbitrators. The researcher used the re-test method to measure the stability of the test and then analyzed it. Using the appropriate statistical means, showing the following results: The average score of the experimental group was 27.83 and the average score of the control group was 17.4. When using the T test for two independent samples to determine the significance of the statistical differences, it was found that the difference was statistically significant at (0.05) , for it is (9.15) greater than the T-table value (2,000) with a degree of freedom (68). This indicates the superiority of the experimental group that was taught according to the cooperative learning strategy to the control group that was taught in the traditional way.

Adjudications of the Imamed Party’ Detachment to the Imam in Prayer According to the Islamic Jurisprudence

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

This study deals with Adjudications of the Imamed Party’ Detachment to the Imam in Prayer According to the Islamic Jurisprudence. The first section deals with the Concept of leaving the imam in prayer and its causes. The first: meaning of leaving the imam in prayer. The second reasons of leaving the imam in prayer. The second section deals with ruling on leaving the imam in congregational prayer. The first is ruling on leaving the imam in congregational prayer without excuse. The second is ruling on leaving the imam in congregational prayer with an excuse. The third section deals with ruling on leaving the imam in Friday prayers. The first is lmposition of Friday prayers. The second is ruling on leaving the imam in Friday prayers. While the fourth part deals with ruling on leaving the imam in fear prayer. The first is ruling on leaving the imam in prayer in ‘That Al-Riqa’foray. The second is ruling on leaving the imam in prayer in ‘Asfan’ foray.

Al-Husseini’s Rituals and their Counterparts in Christianity Asst.Prof. Dr. Donia Alwan Badr Al-Difa'i

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The difference in religion is a 'Sunnah of God', for a great intention which is the trials and the tribulations. God says: (And if God wills to to make people one nation, they are still different except from the mercy of your Lord.). And there is no doubt of the intentions of the two religions (Islam, Christianity) are to educate man religiously, intellectually, physically, and publically. The research aims to find a common ground between the different parties of Muslims and Christians in rituals, or liturgy, and this is from the methods of Islamic- Christian coexistence, to establish a common ground between the two religions and to maintain them with a fence of mutual respect. Stories of the Al-Husseini’s rituals are similar to what the Christians had to say that the Christian Prophet was killed, to atone for the sins of his nation, as well as Imam Hussein was killed, to atone for the sins of his nation until the Day of Resurrection.

To respond to this suspicion, the comparative approach has sought the similarity and contradiction between the rituals of Muslims, and the Christian liturgy. The research consists of introduction and two sections. The first topic deals with the Al-Husseini’s rituals in Islam that are divided into three demands: the language and terminology of rituals, and the legitimacy of maximizing rituals and its inviolability. The second section is divided into four demands: the liturgy is a language and a term; the second is the legislative basis of the liturgy, and the third is the Liturgy in Christianity to clarify points of rapprochement between the two religions, followed by a conclusion of the main findings of the research.

The Historical Roots of German Unity

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

German unity was one of the most important historical events in the 19th century. Because of the variables it was able to leave on the international political scene in all its political, economic and even social aspects, it was therefore necessary to highlight the knowledge of the most important elements and economic factors that led to the establishment of this unit;the Zullverein which was the Foundtion Stone of the German unity. In this research, we discussed the most important elements on which the Union was based in all its economic, industrial, agricultural and commercial trends, which contributed to the political rapprochement between Prussia and the German States.

Gratitude and its Relationship to the Multiple Intelligences of the University Students

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

Gratitude is a positive aspect of the human psyche and the behavior is sometimes important to the human, and the personality of the individual is clearly visible and clear. It also affects behaviors such as happiness and love, coupled with improved mental health in the individual. The researcher believes that psychological variables may affect gratitude, including multiple intelligence. The objectives of the current research aimed at the following:

1- Gratitude to university students.

2- Differences of gratitude among university students according to gender (male, female)

3- Multiple intelligence among university students

4- Differences in multiple intelligence among university students according to sex variable (male, female)

5- The extent to which multiple intelligence contributes to the gratitude of university students.

The research was limited to students in the undergraduate morning studies from Anbar University and from both sexes (males and females) for the academic year (2015-2016). The sample size was ( 375) students, distributed into ( 175) males,( 200) females.

To achieve the objectives of the current research, the researcher extracted the statistical characteristics of the parameters (the distinction and difficulty of the paragraphs, and the validity of the standards) and after analyzing the data using the appropriate statistical methods, the current research concluded the following results:

1- The students of Anbar University are very grateful.

2- There are no significant differences depending on the gender variable.

3- The students of Anbar University have many shapes of intelligence except the musical intelligence.

4- There are significant differences in some types of multiple intelligence on the basis of sex variable (linguistic intelligence, motor intelligence in favor of males while social intelligence was in favor of females). There are no differences in other species based on the same variable.

5- There is no contribution to multiple intelligence in gratitude.

Post-Traumatic stress disorder and its relation to Cognitive Distortions among university students

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The current research aims to identify the Post-traumatic stress disorder and its relation to Cognitive Distortions among university students. The researcher adopted the steps of his research depending on the descriptive approach. The sample was randomized by (100) individuals: (47) for males and (53) for females - for each of the General Sciences and Arabic Language specialization at the Faculty of Basic Education. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the scale (Khawaja and Bahraini, 2008) for the post-traumatic stress disorder, and (Alasar 2015) scale for cognitive Distortions after achieving validity and Reliability of both measurements. The results showed that there are no differences in post-traumatic stress disorder among the sample members. As for the cognitive Distortions, the results were not statistical references among the sample members, while the correlative relation between the two variables, was a statistical reference and in a positive way.

Protection of the Child's Psychological Security under Criminal Legislation (Comparative study)

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The subject of research: (protection of the child's psychological security under criminal legislation) has a practical significance to guarantee the right of the child to enjoy psychological security away from violence or ill-treatment, since The child is weak at this stage; he cannot defend himself in the face of the dangers to which he is exposed. Moreover, he needs care and concern for his physical and psychological rights, and although there are some provisions in the Iraqi Penal Code No. 111 of 1969, which provides criminal protection, but the protection of his right to psychological security was not within the level of ambition. Therefore, many children suffer from mental crises as a result of their displacement due to neglect of the family or exposure to danger and harm from the external social milieu and that necessitates developing the national policy to improve the situation of children. The philosophy of protection in the subject of research is to apologize for the child's modernity and ignorance of life, the psychological security is basically related to the first responsible; i.e., the family and this security indicates the importance of providing protection under the criminal law for children who have lost their care in particular: orphans and street children are more vulnerable to verbal violence as well as to physical violence since depriving children from happiness is the worst type of punishment.

Eel Beg Jaf and an Analytical Study of His Pentameter Poems

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The research is based on a poem by the poet Eel Beg Jaf (1492-1552) in the Kurdish language. The researcher explained the truth of his personality and analyzed his poet with criticism and interpretation and pointed at how he was assessed by other writers. The research begins by clarifying the concept of apocalyptic literature which introduces the poet's predictions within this literary genre. One of the themes deals with the comparison between the prophecies of the Kurdish poet and the European Prophet (Nostradamus). The researcher shows that there is a large gap between them, where Nostradamus used the complex language in writing his predictions in the quadrants, and to find multiple interpretations for his predictions because of the language he used, which is the language of the mixture between Latin, French and Italian. There is also a comparison between the Kurdish poet and Iranian poet Nemat Allah Shahli who wrote his predictions in the form of a long poem in Persian. Through our reading of the poem, we find that there is a great influence on the Kurdish poet. We have seen the same traditional style, similarity rhythmicity, and the easy way to write these predictions. In the other sections of the research there is an analysis of some poetry dimensions about rhythm, rhyme, language and content. The Descriptive analysis method is used for writing this research.

Kurdish Dictation and attempts of correcting it

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The research deals with the beginning of the appearance of writing in humans since ancient times and its efforts to demonstrate its activites.events and championships in order to present them to subsequentgenerations.The beginning wassimple and easy and began by drawing picture and carving on the wall of the caves and writing on the papyrus papers until the cuneiform writing and hieroglyphics in Egypt by the ancient pharaohs were invevted and after a period appeared in the writing of the peoples and folks in an attempt to deliver his voice until the invention of writing and letters and then print until it reached the present day. The reaserch consists of three section and the result reached by the reasercher.and the first chapter deals with types of writing sections of three section and the results reached by the researcher.and the first chapter deals with types of writing and characters . and in the second section to the types of characters used by the Kurds and his efforts to develop thes characters .and in the last Kurdish diaction and ways to address them and how to access Kurdish unified diaction

Feminism in Hemin’s Poems

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

Hemin Mokryani was one of the prominent modern poets in the twentieth century.Along his life (65), he formulated a lot of interesting poems which served Kurdish poetry.The major ideas of his poems were:womens' rights and problems that created it to society.We did this research for the sake of discussing these events in the poet‌'s view . The research is divided into two sections.Section one in turn is also divided into two other subsections:

-Focusing on feminism.

-The role of women in 20th century.

Section two:Feminism in the poems of Hemin.It was elaborated by talking about quality, and quantity of feminism in his poems, three important subjects are chosen concerning women'‌s case including:Education,striving and Hijab ; the subjects were analyzed and the poet's view was analyzed. Many reliable sources for reaching the aim have been consulted. Finally the conclusion is set down.

The Linguistic Deviations of the Grammatical Level in (Saleh Yousefi) Poetry

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

The current research study focuses on the linguistic deviations of the grammatical level in the poetry of the poet (Saleh Yousefi). His poetry is regarded as a noticeable example of his age. This is because at that time the poets of southern Kurdistan were very adhered to their revolutions and political attempts imposed by social conditions and the conditions of life at that period where it was a major cause to the emergence of such poems. The importance of this research study lies in that it is a practical analytical research from one hand and a good factor for every researcher in the fields of language and literature in general in order to achieve his/her own objectives, from another hand.

Rhetorics in Mahwi’s poem "Sea of Light"

2019-11-25T10:07:39+00:00

Mahwi is one of the most prominent classical Kurdish poets. He is one of the most prolific poets in the rhetorical arts, and it shows its mark through their poetic productions. In this research, marvelous in the poem “sea of light” (Bahr noor), he is (Mahwi) a fundamental pillar, of the creative poets on which the classical school was founded in the Kurdish poetry after the pioneers of classical Kurdish poetry such as Nali, Salem and Kurdi. The research is divided into three sections. In the first section, we define the rhetoric science and rhetorical sciences, in which we refer to the sections of eloquent, clearness and semantics. In the second section we refer to the science of metaphors and stylistics in which we deal with the art of decorating speech and in light of poetic examples of the poet. But in the third section we deal with the science of decorating the meaning in the light of poetic examples of the poet, and then there are the objectives and abstract of the research written in Arabic and English, and then written down in the footnotes and the references.

Principles of Dictation of Kurdish Language

2019-11-25T08:04:29+00:00

The Language is the main tool of thinking, communicating and civilizing, which includes letters, words, sentences and texts ….etc. Language has been created for the purpose of communication. Writing is the way to represent and preserve the language, thoughts, imaginations, literature and sciences…. etc. The most suitable way to obtain perfect language is to use correct spelling.

Dictation is a process and rules that have been applied in the main language itself. For correct understanding the meaning of the words and phrases, to differentiate the various meanings that exist in the language.

The Image of women in Kurdish proverbs

2019-11-25T08:19:06+00:00

Kurdish proverbs formulate an important and essential part of Kurdish folklore, and it is a rich source for studying life style and view of Kurdish people about issues and different fields of life.

The Image of women in Kurdish proverbs is not a desired image; because, they are not deemed as noble and active characters. Rather, they are seen as a weak, hesitated, credulous and dishonest character, or they are considered as goods. Happiness and sadness, peace and war are embodied in women personality, and men make themselves beyond any failure.

Simile in Goran’s Poems

2019-11-25T08:26:48+00:00

Simile is the most prominent and the most common among the figures of speech, which is used not only in poetry but also in everyday language. In literature, it is used by the poets to depict the qualities of one thing through comparing it to another. For them it is an element of imagination by which they have created beautiful imagery in their works. This research is an attempt at presenting this figure of speech in one of the most distinct Kurdish poets and the leading figure of renewal in Kurdish poetry; Abdulla Goran. The poet has used this figure of speech on a wide range to create beautiful imagery with it and take it to vast extents of its use especially in his romantic poems, which have no antecedents. This side of Goran’s poetry has never been the subject of a research before, that is why it has been chosen for the topic of this research, through which all the types of simile used by the poet in his work are being shown. The research consists of two chapters each includes a number of parts. In the first chapter after introducing and presenting Simile, the importance of this figure of speech and then its bases has been discussed. In the second chapter, first the types of simile have been shown according the presence or absence of the minor bases and in their relation to the texts of the poets. And then the types of simile according to the perception and cognition of the sides of simile has been presented along with poetic examples. Later according to the quantity of the sides of simile enforced by figurative examples, and in the end simile related to the quantity of the side have been shown all with examples from his poetry. In the end the conclusions have been presented in several points.

The Effect of Using PBLA on Iraqi EFL Academic Students` Learning Achievement

2019-11-25T08:49:37+00:00

Assessment should give more attention on the learning achievement of the curriculum. Portfolio- based learning assessment (PBLA) is utilized in language learning materials recently .It is assessment tools to test the learners’ learning for instance open-ended problem solving, and creative and critical thinking, imaginative, reflective, have the capacity to apply their information in new issues, and to express oral and composing. This paper aims to discover the impact of utilizing (PBLA) on students’ performance at College of Education (Ibn –Rushd) in English Department the third stage. To fulfill the aim, a sample of the study is (64) EFL students of two groups. The study used a test and an instrument design .The test group utilize the (PBLA),the other group utilize traditional way. After the calculated the posttest of both groups connoted that the positive PBLA effect on learners` achievement. After that, survey has administered to test group. The findings showed utilizing of the (PBLA) had good effect of students' learning achievement. Setting up conclusion, suggestions and recommendation.

Using social media as an interactive tool for learning and teaching purposes

2019-11-25T08:53:04+00:00

This study explores the fulfilment of teachers and students in utilizing social media as educational platforms at university of Baghdad, Iraq. It aims to investigate whether the actual process of knowledge attainment and communicative interactions is completed at the virtual atmosphere. The current study includes three facets of social media_ engagement, interpersonal teaching and learning, and school performance. Random selection of (180) digital users at some of academic institutions has participated in the study. The results reveal that recruiters require social media platforms to connect teachers and students virtually. They tend to utilize social media for enhancing teaching and learning route which contributes the development of campus community. Virtual platforms completes the actual process of academic attainment in a meaningful way despite the traditional sense of learning and teaching at the academic level. The results conducted maintain its validity and reliability by means of knowledge dynamics, intellectual capital, and educational expertise.The study recommends experiencing technological education for carrying out relevant tools and applications which activate academic communication and empower guidelines and practices of institutional settings.

Marina Oswald & Kathleen Wade: Wives Involved in a Political Ambition

2019-11-25T08:58:05+00:00

“I’m no psychiatrist, but if you ask me, politicians in general are pretty insecure people” (O’Brien, 1994, p. 97). This quotation describes politicians as insecure people, and the word “insecure” has more than one implication. It may mean that politicians are insecure to themselves or to people around them. It can also mean that politicians’ actions are not trustworthy. This description indicates that one must fear or be aware of politicians in general. A politician’s wife may need also to have this caution. According to such description, does a politician’s wife feel happy or secure with her husband? This paper will focus on the life of two wives. The first one is Marina Oswald in Don Delillo’s novel Libra (1988), and Kathleen Wade in Tim O’Brien’s novel In the Lake of the Woods (1994).The main blame would be on husbands; however, this paper will explain the role of the wives as well. The absence of real communication, besides the extreme political expectations of the two husbands, leads to ending the two marriages unsuccessfully.

Comedy of Menace in Harold Pinter’s The Birthday Party Instructor: Basaad Maher Mhayyal

2019-11-25T09:04:00+00:00

Harold Pinter’s The Birthday Party (1957) clearly portrays the condition of modern man where there is a real communication failure among the characters. Through this play, Pinter tries his best to reflect this fact. He uses a lot of pauses and silences, i.e., the usage of language is no more significant to modern man. Pinter considers silence to be more powerful than the words themselves. That’s why long and short pauses can be seen throughout all Pinter’s plays. Modern man has been living in a state of alienation. All the characters are isolated by their own desire not to communicate with each other and to lock themselves away from the world. They are unable to express their feelings. Therefore modern man has buried himself in life just like the character of )Stanley( in this play who has buried himself in the boarding house in an attempt to be away from his own society after being rejected as a pianist by the people of that society. The play deals with human deterioration and the process of death. The disaster in the play does not lie in the idea of death, but in the more terrible state of being dead in life, as in )Stanley(’s case, who hides himself in a room ceasing all his relationships with life outside. This paper deals with Harold Pinter as a well-known British playwright who has his own unique style that is called Pinteresque, his language, and how he uses silences and pauses in his play The Birthday Party. It consists of an abstract, Pinter’s comedy of menace, his play The Birthday Party, and a conclusion

Barbara Kingsolver: Evaluating Her Contribution to the Eco-Feminist Novel

2019-11-25T10:01:40+00:00

Climate change, together with terrorism, economic depressions, and mass-destructive weaponry, is a source of international phobia for many people. The advancement in technology increases the competition among world powers and economic systems to develop their industrial enterprises. The smoke that emits from the factories, the pollution caused by the industrial projects, the excessive use of green gas result in the increase of global warming and have catastrophic effects on the ecosphere of the planet. Besides, man’s wrong practices even in agricultural matters are exhausting the natural resources of the lands, and they badly affect the ecological diversity and the wellbeing of the humans and non-humans alike. Contemporary feminist writers treat this international crisis as a priority and start to devote their writings to address ecological issues. These eco-feminists believe that their suffering from patriarchal oppression is not different from man’s exploitation of nature. Through their ecological activism, they endeavor to protect the environment and the planet from the selfish practices of the industrial companies. Barbra Kingsolver is one of the early pioneers of this emerging fictional subgenre. As previous studies of her works focus on individual novels, this study is an evaluation of her contribution to eco-feminist fiction in three major works: Animals Dream, Prodigal Summer, and Flight Behavior.

Gender Differences in Early Communication, Language Acquisition and Development: A Descriptive Study

2019-11-25T10:06:40+00:00

Parents pay a significant attention to the first words children utter. However, first words are not the actual beginning of communication. Much earlier, babies begin to communicate their feeling via making eye contact, pointing, crying, squealing, and other gestures. Furthermore, they perceive language earlier than making others understand them. The aim of this paper is to tackle the variations between the two sexes starting from the stages of language acquisition in normal children, the differences between the two genders in language vocalization within each stage. Next, the distinctions in acquiring a particular communicative competence and the causes behind this difference will be tackled. It has been found that femals show superiority in bubbling, uttering the first word, number of vocabularies, sentence complexity, and clarity of articulation; however, the difference is only one- or two-months exceedance and it disappears by the age of four. Moreover, some domains of superiority in grammar and spelling disappear in adolescence. It is also found that parents play a vital role in the accelerating language acquisition. Boys are more physically played with by the fathers, while girls are more talked to verbally by mothers. Psychological studies of language acquisition argue that girls’ brain develops certain aspects of language faster than the boys’ and vice versa, other aspects are more developed in boys than in girls. Finally, differences in the communicative competence are caused by the styles that children acquire from their parents and/or peer groups